"Ser digital," la formula lanzada por Nicolás Negroponte director del MediaLab del Massachussets Institute of Technology (MIT), no es algo natural todavía. Hace falta aprender. Es precisamente la tarea que se ha dado el grupo Future of Learning del mismo MediaLab, un laboratorio de investigación sobre el futuro del aprendizaje mejor adaptado a la sociedad de la información.
San Francisco, California, 7.sep.03
"Para nosotros, lo primero es el aprendizaje" nos explicó David Cavallo, co-director del laboratorio con Seymour Papert su fundador. Su método, bautizado "construccionismo", amplia el concepto de "constructivismo" de Jean Piaget. "Tiene su fundamento en la idea que la gente aprende al construir activamente nuevos conocimientos más que al recibir información vertida en su cabeza" explican en su sitio web. "Además, el construccionismo afirma que la gente aprende con particular efectividad cuando construye artefactos (como programas de computación, animaciones o robots), que tienen sentido para ellos."
En este método para aprender, los estudiantes, niños y adultos, escogen sus proyectos y los realizan. Los temas varían desde la construcción de un vehículo capaz de subir una pendiente de más de 65 grados hasta la implementación de un sistema de purificación del agua en una escuela.
En Roballet (como en robot), su experimento más reciente, los niños bailarines cubren su cuerpo con aparatos electrónicos inalámbricos y se desplazan sobre un escenario equipado por sensores que ellos mismos programan. Cada paso, el más mínimo movimiento, desencadena reacciones auditivas o visuales espectaculares. "La tecnología permite establecer un puente entre la dinámica de nuestros cuerpos y nuestras ideas abstractas," explicó Papert a la publicación MIT News.
De esa manera los niños utilizan sus sentidos y sus movimientos corporales para crear imágenes o mover robots en el espacio y el tiempo siguiendo un mapa que diseñan. "Implica una matemática más complicada que la de la escuela. También es una comprensión real, sentida y relacional de las matemáticas" explica Cavallo.
"La enseñanza de las matemáticas ha sido concebida para ser impartida con papel y lápiz" nos explicó. "No transmite necesariamente un pensamiento matemático de calidad. Los niños se pasan años haciendo divisiones y series de divisiones lo cual es una pérdida de tiempo cuando tienen calculadoras y hojas de cálculo. Tienen que entender el algoritmo, pero una vez que lo logran, tienen que pasar a otra cosa."
Lo mejor para seguir adelante es llamar a su creatividad haciéndoles trabajar sobre proyectos concretos en los cuales se sienten implicados. Muchas veces se puede lograr con la realización de una maqueta con papel y cartón. Esta funciona por ejemplo, para entender los problemas de contaminación o de mala distribución del agua en la escuela o en el barrio. "Mucho de lo que hacemos no requiere tecnología" explica Cavallo. "Pero la tecnología abre nuevas áreas y permite llegar a niveles diferentes. Las computadoras nos permiten hacer más cosas que serían de otra manera demasiado grandes, pequeñas o complejas."
El ciclo del agua por ejemplo es muy difícil de entender. "Con una computadora, se pueden reunir datos y construir un modelo complejo o una animación. Pasa lo mismo con todo lo que se da a nivel microscópico."
En todas partes se habla de la crisis de la enseñanza, "pero nadie sabe a ciencia cierta lo que se debería hacer" estima Carvallo. Duda que una institución pueda dar una respuesta válida para todos. Partiendo de su método de aprendizaje por proyectos, propone probar en varias direcciones y poner en relación varios modelos y diferentes prácticas. "En vez de abordar el problema de arriba hacia abajo, tratemos de avanzar desde abajo para arriba con formas de aprendizaje conectadas y distribuidas."
Después de haber tratado de revolucionar la enseñanza equipando las escuelas con computadoras, se les facilitó el acceso a la red. Viendo que nada de esto era suficiente, el paso siguiente ha sido familiarizar a los maestros con el uso de las tecnologías de la información. Lo que proponen ahora David Cavallo y su equipo consiste en modificar la forma en la cual aprendemos de una manera que no requiere necesariamente de tecnología, pero que la misma puede enriquecer.
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