{"id":3950,"date":"2002-01-07T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2002-01-07T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fpisani.wpengine.com\/preparing_for_c\/"},"modified":"2002-01-07T09:00:00","modified_gmt":"2002-01-07T08:00:00","slug":"preparing_for_c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/preparing_for_c\/","title":{"rendered":"Preparing for cyberwar; Mars gives way to Minerva – Francis Pisani"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Times are changing. After the war in Kosovo some of the oldcertainties inherited from the cold war are about to give way to newmilitary doctrines. The network – the nervous system through whichinformation circulates – is now the organisational paradigm. In theirresearch into this transformation some analysts are calling for theUnited States to prepare for “cyberwar” and “netwar”,in which enemies are defeated by interrupting their command structuresand their systems of thought and communication, rather than aiming todestroy them physically.<\/p>\n

Published in Le Monde Diplomatique<\/a>, August, 1999<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

There is a contradiction: we are supposed to be in the”information era”, where according to the visionary formula oftechnoguru Nicholas Negroponte bits are going to replace atoms(1). But in the recent war in Kosovo Nato made massive use of bombsderiving straight from the industrial age. Even the “smart”bombs, so called because they have an independent ability to handleinformation, were equipped with a very classic capacity for physicaldestruction.<\/p>\n

Behind the immediate human and political dramas of this war, aquestion arises about the nature of future war. This problem has beenposed by two United States’ analysts specialising in warfare in theinformation era.<\/p>\n

John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt (2) are the inventors of a wholeseries of original concepts and formulas: “cyberwar”,”netwar” and “noopolitik” (a politics ofknowledge). John Arquilla is a professor at the Naval PostgraduateSchool in Monterrey, California. David Ronfeldt is an analyst with theRand Corporation, a research institute very close to the US militaryestablishment and security services. The two researchers are convincedthat “the information revolution is altering the nature ofconflict … it is bringing new modes of warfare, terrorism and crimeto the fore”. Thus they have responded to the invitation extendedby futurologists Alvin and Heidi Toffler for people to develop “afresh understanding of the relations between war and a fast-changingsociety” (3).<\/p>\n

One cannot talk about the deep changes taking place in society withoutalso discussing the upheavals they are bound to create in our ways ofmaking war (4). The Renaissance, to which the digital age is oftencompared, was also characterised by a different way of making war,with the invention of infantry. The same was true of the industrialera and the means of mass destruction that it made available to itsarmies.<\/p>\n

In the view of the Tofflers, our own epoch is characterised by “ashift in the relationship between tangible and intangible methods ofproduction and destruction alike”. The intangible is one of thecharacteristics of our present era.<\/p>\n

Cyberwar goes beyond the “smart” bombs that were used in theGulf war and the graphite bombs designed to short-circuit powerstations, recently used against Serbia. It relies on the concept ofinformation. Information has always been at the heart of the art ofwar but today it takes on a new role.<\/p>\n

In the economic sphere, according to sociologist Manuel Castells, thisdifference resides in the fact that “information itself [becomes]the product of the production process” (5). In the event of war,it becomes the aim of the conflict, not just the means whereby war canbe pursued in more favourable circumstances.<\/p>\n

At the heart of the notions elaborated by Arquilla and Ronfeldt thereis a very particular view of what information is. They move beyond theclassic definitions (the message or the medium, in the distinctionlaid down in the 1960s) and describe information as a physicalproperty, on a par with matter and energy.<\/p>\n

From this they derive a new conception of power, and therefore of war.Instead of being based on material resources, from now on powerresides in relations between people, and thus in organisation: itbecomes immaterial.\u00a0 From the brute power of the god Mars we arepassing to Minerva, the goddess of wisdom. This means a shift from warbased on mutual capacities for destruction, to war in which thecapacity for disruption, or dis-organisation, assumes equalimportance. On this basis, the researchers distinguish four levels ofwhat they call their “vision”:<\/p>\n

1. At the conceptual level, information gives form to structure. Thusthey differentiate from theories that emphasise communication and thetransmission of messages: such theories are seen as insufficient,since they take no account of the role played by information inorganisations.\u00a0 “All structures contain embedded information,”they say. As a result, the ideas contained within a givensuperstructure, its values and aims, are as important as theirtechnological infrastructures.<\/p>\n

2. “This vision emphasises adapting to a major consequence of theinformation revolution – the rise of network forms oforganisation,” they say. This is true for both non-governmentalorganisations (NGOs) and terrorist networks. And for governments ittranslates into an invitation to cross-breed traditional hierarchicalstructures with more flexible forms. All this will involve anunavoidable “flattening” of hierarchies.\u00a0 Ronfeldt inparticular distinguishes between four types of organisation: tribes,institutions, markets and networks. And he argues that “technologystrengthens networks as social structure”. Hence the distinctionbetween “cyberwar” (the classic form of conflict, using more”intelligent” weapons and modes of engagement that are adaptedto the information era), and network war (“netwar”), in thearea of conflict between (or with) actors “other than states”.<\/p>\n

3. The core of their military doctrine is the notion of”BattleSwarm”.\u00a0 Here the main objective is domination of thetheatre of operations in terms of information (knowing more than theenemy). The fact of having intelligence about the circumstances andmovements of your enemy, combined with a sophisticated system ofcommunication (each combatant is in contact with all others, and unitcommanders communicate with air force commanders and with other units)should make it possible to employ fewer personnel with greatereffectiveness.<\/p>\n

4. The overall strategy which they propose is what they call”guarded openness”. Arquilla and Ronfeldt believe that thefree circulation of information serves the interests of the US andthat, in the final instance, victory in tomorrow’s wars will go not tothose who have the biggest bombs, but to those who can tell the beststory (6).<\/p>\n

Their most recent book, published in 1999, is called The Emergence ofNoopolitik (7), in an explicit reference to the “noosphere” orsphere of knowledge that we find in Teilhard de Chardin. Adapted tothe information era, noopolitik “emphasises the primacy of ideas,values, norms, laws and ethics through ‘soft power'”. Theyconclude that “information is itself in the process of becomingits own distinct dimension of grand strategy — eg, it is capable ofbeing employed in lieu of field armies or economic sanctions… Otherwise, the older tools of statecraft may be unduly reliedupon, and possibly employed inappropriately or ineffectively.”<\/p>\n

REVOLUTION IN DIPLOMACY<\/h3>\n

Viewed in the light of their writings, the war in Kosovo can be seenas a victory for what they claim is about to disappear from history:the tangible, the material, brute force. In 1997 they described aerialbombardment as “a maximalist affirmation of materialpower”. At the time some were tempted to think that, for all itsbrilliance, their theory was still-born.<\/p>\n

In their interpretation of the Kosovo war, however, published in theLos Angeles Times on 20 June 1999, Arquilla and Ronfeldt reckoned thatit was precisely the use of various elements of cyberwar that made itpossible for the war to be brought to an end: “It was the smallbands of widely distributed Kosovo Liberation Army fighters and, to alesser extent, allied special forces who provoked the Serbs tomanoeuvre and fire, which instantly made them vulnerable to beingattacked from the air.” The information on which they base thisanalysis is not published, but elements can be found in an article inthe Glasgow newspaper The Herald (8), where we read that four membersof the alliance (the US, France, the United Kingdom and Norway) wereengaged in a secret war in Kosovo. Each contingent was allocated asection of territory and worked in liaison with the air forces. Amongother things they used laser beams in order to signal targets to thepilots.<\/p>\n

France’s involvement seems to have been substantial. According to TheHerald, it included detachments from several units, including the 13thAirborne Dragoon Regiment (which was this year invited to take part inthe 14 July parade on the Champs-Elysies (9) as recognition of theirrole), commandos from the 2nd Parachute Regiment of the ForeignLegion, troops from the 13th Marine Infantry Regiment, plus navalfrogmen from the famous Hubert commando, the unit responsible for thesinking of the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior in New Zealand.<\/p>\n

“Cyberwar means operating in small, dispersed units, so wellinternetted that they can coordinate, coalesce and then dissever inrepeated swarming attacks,” say Arquilla andRonfeldt. “Cyberwar thus requires a ground presence but withoutrelying on conventional ground forces.” This leads them to acriticism of the main argument of Nato’s strategists, the idea that alarge ground force (which would have been slow to mobilise) wasindispensable for winning the war on the ground.<\/p>\n

In their opinion, in order effectively to disorganise enemy forces, itwould require mobilising – and deploying in “BattleSwarm” – aforce only one tenth the size of the enemy forces. They claim that theUS, Canada, France and UK had troops trained for this kind ofengagement, and were able successfully to use them.<\/p>\n

The problem, Arquilla told me at the start of July, was that thecyberwar conducted in Kosovo was “treated as an adjunct to themain effort when it should have been our main thrust because it wouldhave allowed us to protect the Kosovars. Massive aerial bombing drovethe Serbs to rage and frustration and contributed to theatrocities. It is a little bit reminiscent of the rage and frustrationof US troops during the Vietnam war when they suffered casualties fromland mines and unseen opponents.”<\/p>\n

The ideas of Arquilla and Ronfeldt are not widely held in thePentagon.\u00a0 However, they are patient people and they are pressingahead. Specifically they are preparing a presentation for the House ofRepresentatives in which they will discuss their understandings of thenature of war.<\/p>\n

They argue that the revolution in military affairs that we have seenshould be accompanied by a revolution in diplomatic affairs, which istaking time to emerge: “The Kosovo model of ‘coercive diplomacy’is a misconceived strategy based on the use of force to compelaccession to political demands.”<\/p>\n

The threat of a recourse to force in the event of the breaking ofestablished agreements would have been preferable. “This approachto the new diplomacy,” Arquilla adds, “could have been a realexercise in noopolitik, ie, guided by the ethical construct ofprotecting rights; keeping the shadow of the use of force in thebackground; and engaging our adversaries and a host of nonstate actorsin the process of conflict resolution.” In abstract terms, theinability to dissuade is the key to the drama. In concrete terms, itis the impossibility of acting: economic sanctions are ineffective andbombing is pointlessly murderous and destructive.<\/p>\n

The two geo-strategists recognise the presence of risks, but theythink that “cyberwar may offer a new way to win decisively, at lowcost in blood and treasure, without relying on a bombing campaign thatcauses troubling collateral damage, especially among civilians.”<\/p>\n

Thus, they say: “We should never again wage war in a fashion thatsuits our political constraints, but which subjects those we wouldprotect to the worst sort of unfettered barbarism.”<\/p>\n

Notes<\/h3>\n

1. Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital, Knopf, New York, 1995.<\/p>\n

2. John Arquilla, David Rondfeldt et al, In Athena’s Camp, Preparingfor Conflict in the Information Age, Rand, Santa Monica, 1997, p 4.<\/p>\n

3. Alvin and Heidi Toffler, War and Anti-war: Survival at the Dawn ofthe 21st Century, Little Brown, Boston, 1993, p 5.<\/p>\n

4. See Maurice Najman, “Developing the weapons of the 21stcentury”, Le Monde diplomatique English Internet edition, February1998.<\/p>\n

5. Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture,Vol 1: The Rise of the Network Society, Blackwell, Cambridge, Mass.,1996.<\/p>\n

6. See the article by Robert Fisk in this issue.<\/p>\n

7. The Emergence of Noopolitik: Towards an American InformationStrategy, Rand Monograph Report, Rand, Santa Monica, California, 1999.<\/p>\n

8. Ian Bruce, “Secret war behind the lines”, The Herald,Glasgow, 21 April 1999. See: www.theherald.co.uk\/<\/p>\n

9. For the first time in this parade France significantly raised theveil of secrecy from various of its military units involved in theoperations in Kosovo. As well as the 13th Regiment of ParachuteDragoons, based at Dieuze (Moselle), there were the commando group ofthe 11th Parachute Division, stationed at Toulouse, and the 2ndRegiment of Hussars, based at Sourdun (Seine-et-Marne), which includedan information and electronic war brigade. See Le Monde, 14 July 1999.<\/p>\n

\n

Translated by Ed Emery<\/em><\/p>\n

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Piqu\u00e9 par la curiosit\u00e9 et l\u2019envie de comprendre ce que je sentais important, je suis all\u00e9 m\u2019installer dans la r\u00e9gion de San Francisco (janvier 1996) o\u00f9 j\u2019ai pass\u00e9 quinze ans \u00e0 enqu\u00eater sur ce qui s\u2019y faisait : l\u2019\u00e9mergence, le boom, le bust et la reprise. Un cycle complet \u00e0 la suite de quoi j\u2019ai trouv\u00e9 que m\u00eame \u00e0 Silicon Valley on peut se r\u00e9p\u00e9ter. En fait j\u2019ai la bougeotte. De retour en Europe (2010), j\u2019ai lanc\u00e9 un tour du monde de l\u2019innovation, le projet Winch 5 -- 45 villes, 32 pays entre septembre 2011 et octobre 2012 - enti\u00e8rement consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude des conditions \u00e9conomiques, financi\u00e8res, culturelles et sociales du d\u00e9veloppement de l'innovation. J\u2019en a rapport\u00e9 des enseignements sur les meilleures fa\u00e7ons de la rendre possible, de l'encourager, de pr\u00e9parer individus, entreprises et nations \u00e0 participer ainsi \u00e0 la construction de leur propre futur. Une aventure fascinante qui m\u2019a permis de rencontrer des gens audacieux, dot\u00e9s d\u2019une grande intelligence ou d\u2019un grand c\u0153ur. Parfois les deux ensembles. Je donne r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement conf\u00e9rences et s\u00e9minaires sur ce sujet dans certaines entreprises fran\u00e7aises de poids : Bouygues Telecom, CapGemini, L'Or\u00e9al, SFR, SNCF, entre autres ainsi que dans des forums moins prestigieux mais dans lesquels l\u2019assistance est passionn\u00e9e Convaincu que l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de nos villes et de la d\u00e9mocratie locale est un enjeu technologique et social majeur, je viens de me lancer dans une nouvelle s\u00e9rie d\u2019enqu\u00eates \u2013 un tour du monde en plusieurs \u00e9tapes nomm\u00e9 Participolis - sur les villes intelligentes ou qui s\u2019efforcent de l\u2019\u00eatre : 20 villes entre janvier 2014 et avril 2015. Je le con\u00e7ois comme une tension constante entre deux p\u00f4les d\u2019un m\u00eame probl\u00e8me : CitySmarting ou l\u2019effort pour rendre les villes plus intelligentes gr\u00e2ce, notamment aux technologies de l\u2019information et Participolis, le fait qu\u2019un meilleur futur pour nos villes ne peut \u00e9merger que de notre participation \u00e0 leur conception et \u00e0 leur gestion. Mes articles et chroniques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s par plus de 100 m\u00e9dias sur quatre continents dont Le Monde, El Pa\u00eds (Madrid), Reforma (Mexico), The Next Web (Amsterdam) et Folha de S\u00e3o Paulo (Br\u00e9sil). J'enseigne aussi \u00e0 la Paris School of International Affairs de l'Institut d'\u00c9tudes Politiques de Paris et \u00e0 la WebSchoolFactory. J\u2019ai donn\u00e9 des cours \u00e0 l'Universit\u00e9 de Berkeley et \u00e0 l'Universit\u00e9 de Stanford. Je participe en temps qu\u2019expert au r\u00e9seau Netexplo. J\u2019ai publi\u00e9 plusieurs livres dont Comment le web change le monde, l'alchimie des multitudes (Pearson) avec Dominique Piotet (2008 et 2011). Quand je ne suis pas en vadrouille autour du monde, je vis entre Paris, Barcelone et Mexico. Mais toujours je suis int\u00e9ress\u00e9 par vos commentaires, critiques et suggestions. Francispisani \u00e0 gmailvousconnaissezlasuite Google http:\\\/\\\/tinyurl.com\\\/francispisani Twitter: @francispisani A tout de suite\u2026\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.francispisani.net\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/francis.pisani\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/francispisani\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/francispisani\",\"https:\\\/\\\/fr.wikipedia.org\\\/wiki\\\/Francis_Pisani\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.francispisani.net\\\/en\\\/author\\\/francis-pisani\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Preparing for cyberwar; Mars gives way to Minerva - Francis Pisani","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/preparing_for_c\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Preparing for cyberwar; Mars gives way to Minerva - Francis Pisani","og_description":"Times are changing. After the war in Kosovo some of the oldcertainties inherited from the cold war are about to give way to newmilitary doctrines. The network – the nervous system through whichinformation circulates – is now the organisational paradigm. 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Piqu\u00e9 par la curiosit\u00e9 et l\u2019envie de comprendre ce que je sentais important, je suis all\u00e9 m\u2019installer dans la r\u00e9gion de San Francisco (janvier 1996) o\u00f9 j\u2019ai pass\u00e9 quinze ans \u00e0 enqu\u00eater sur ce qui s\u2019y faisait : l\u2019\u00e9mergence, le boom, le bust et la reprise. Un cycle complet \u00e0 la suite de quoi j\u2019ai trouv\u00e9 que m\u00eame \u00e0 Silicon Valley on peut se r\u00e9p\u00e9ter. En fait j\u2019ai la bougeotte. De retour en Europe (2010), j\u2019ai lanc\u00e9 un tour du monde de l\u2019innovation, le projet Winch 5 -- 45 villes, 32 pays entre septembre 2011 et octobre 2012 - enti\u00e8rement consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude des conditions \u00e9conomiques, financi\u00e8res, culturelles et sociales du d\u00e9veloppement de l'innovation. J\u2019en a rapport\u00e9 des enseignements sur les meilleures fa\u00e7ons de la rendre possible, de l'encourager, de pr\u00e9parer individus, entreprises et nations \u00e0 participer ainsi \u00e0 la construction de leur propre futur. Une aventure fascinante qui m\u2019a permis de rencontrer des gens audacieux, dot\u00e9s d\u2019une grande intelligence ou d\u2019un grand c\u0153ur. Parfois les deux ensembles. Je donne r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement conf\u00e9rences et s\u00e9minaires sur ce sujet dans certaines entreprises fran\u00e7aises de poids : Bouygues Telecom, CapGemini, L'Or\u00e9al, SFR, SNCF, entre autres ainsi que dans des forums moins prestigieux mais dans lesquels l\u2019assistance est passionn\u00e9e Convaincu que l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de nos villes et de la d\u00e9mocratie locale est un enjeu technologique et social majeur, je viens de me lancer dans une nouvelle s\u00e9rie d\u2019enqu\u00eates \u2013 un tour du monde en plusieurs \u00e9tapes nomm\u00e9 Participolis - sur les villes intelligentes ou qui s\u2019efforcent de l\u2019\u00eatre : 20 villes entre janvier 2014 et avril 2015. Je le con\u00e7ois comme une tension constante entre deux p\u00f4les d\u2019un m\u00eame probl\u00e8me : CitySmarting ou l\u2019effort pour rendre les villes plus intelligentes gr\u00e2ce, notamment aux technologies de l\u2019information et Participolis, le fait qu\u2019un meilleur futur pour nos villes ne peut \u00e9merger que de notre participation \u00e0 leur conception et \u00e0 leur gestion. Mes articles et chroniques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s par plus de 100 m\u00e9dias sur quatre continents dont Le Monde, El Pa\u00eds (Madrid), Reforma (Mexico), The Next Web (Amsterdam) et Folha de S\u00e3o Paulo (Br\u00e9sil). J'enseigne aussi \u00e0 la Paris School of International Affairs de l'Institut d'\u00c9tudes Politiques de Paris et \u00e0 la WebSchoolFactory. J\u2019ai donn\u00e9 des cours \u00e0 l'Universit\u00e9 de Berkeley et \u00e0 l'Universit\u00e9 de Stanford. Je participe en temps qu\u2019expert au r\u00e9seau Netexplo. J\u2019ai publi\u00e9 plusieurs livres dont Comment le web change le monde, l'alchimie des multitudes (Pearson) avec Dominique Piotet (2008 et 2011). Quand je ne suis pas en vadrouille autour du monde, je vis entre Paris, Barcelone et Mexico. Mais toujours je suis int\u00e9ress\u00e9 par vos commentaires, critiques et suggestions. Francispisani \u00e0 gmailvousconnaissezlasuite Google http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/francispisani Twitter: @francispisani A tout de suite\u2026","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/francis.pisani","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/francispisani","https:\/\/x.com\/francispisani","https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francis_Pisani"],"url":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/author\/francis-pisani\/"}]}},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":3175,"url":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/malaysia-helping-social-business-innovate\/","url_meta":{"origin":3950,"position":0},"title":"Malaysia: helping social business innovate – Francis Pisani","author":"Francis Pisani","date":"8 June 2012","format":false,"excerpt":"Entrepreneurship isn\u2019t always about getting rich. Sure, some entrepreneurs are mainly driven by financial gain, but a growing number want their companies to have greater meaning. They can innovate in important ways, beyond the technical aspects. This is the sort of company that\u00a0Tandem Fund, located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, wants\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "english"","block_context":{"text":"english","link":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/english\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3952,"url":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/best_story_not_\/","url_meta":{"origin":3950,"position":1},"title":"‘BEST STORY, NOT THE BIGGEST BOMB’ – How to fight the terror networks – Francis Pisani","author":"Francis Pisani","date":"1 June 2002","format":false,"excerpt":"John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt codified the strategy that helped the United States overthrow the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. They believe that Osama bin Laden and al-Qaida could still prevail if they got hold of weapons of mass destruction, and the US and its allies must prevent that acquisition. To\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "english"","block_context":{"text":"english","link":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/english\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2946,"url":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/accelerating-innovation-in-lebanon-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":3950,"position":2},"title":"\u201cAccelerating\u201d Innovation in Lebanon – Francis Pisani","author":"Francis Pisani","date":"8 March 2012","format":false,"excerpt":"I have no idea how many innovators there in Lebanon fiddling around in their mountain garages with dreams of dethroning Facebook, Google and Twitter. But I\u2019m sure they can find all the resources they need in Beirut\u2019s startup accelerators.Since there\u2019s not really a clear definition, you can get an idea\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "english"","block_context":{"text":"english","link":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/english\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2682,"url":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/mexico-social-networks-against-narcos-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":3950,"position":3},"title":"Mexico: Social networks against narcos – Francis Pisani","author":"Francis Pisani","date":"7 October 2011","format":false,"excerpt":"Mexican web users are perhaps in the process of creating, however gropingly, something new: using social networks to make up for the absence of civil society acting against the government and against narcos. Paradoxically, it is those in power who, with their preoccupation with social networks, show the phenomenon\u2019s power.First,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "english"","block_context":{"text":"english","link":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/english\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"mexico fallido Mexico: Social networks against narcos","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/img.over-blog-kiwi.com\/0\/73\/87\/12\/2011\/10\/07\/ob_dba4f2_mexico-fallido.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/img.over-blog-kiwi.com\/0\/73\/87\/12\/2011\/10\/07\/ob_dba4f2_mexico-fallido.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/img.over-blog-kiwi.com\/0\/73\/87\/12\/2011\/10\/07\/ob_dba4f2_mexico-fallido.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":3311,"url":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/start-ups-that-are-global-from-day-one\/","url_meta":{"origin":3950,"position":4},"title":"Start-ups that are global from day one – Francis Pisani","author":"Francis Pisani","date":"7 September 2012","format":false,"excerpt":"Before heading off to Asia and the US, I wanted to make some initial summaries of what I\u2019ve learned during my travels. The first was an article on the idea of ecosystems, published in July. This one, the second, is about start-ups that are global from day one. I\u2019ll follow\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "english"","block_context":{"text":"english","link":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/english\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Horacio Start ups that are global from day one","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/img.over-blog-kiwi.com\/0\/73\/87\/12\/2012\/09\/07\/ob_1f81fb_horacio.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":5415,"url":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/quand_des_machi\/","url_meta":{"origin":3950,"position":5},"title":"Quand des machines pourront d\u00e9cider de tuer des humains – Francis Pisani","author":"Francis Pisani","date":"17 February 2005","format":false,"excerpt":"J\u2019ai mentionn\u00e9 il y a quelques semaines (voir ce billet) le fait que des soldats robots seront bient\u00f4t op\u00e9rationnels en Iraq, ce qui avait attir\u00e9 des commentaires plus ou moins atterr\u00e9s. Mercredi Tim Weiner offre dans le New York Times une vision plus compl\u00e8te et plus pr\u00e9occupante encore de leur\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Entreprendre"","block_context":{"text":"Entreprendre","link":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/entreprendre\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Robot_report_figure_1","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/fpisani.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ob_4daac2_robot-report-figure-1-thumbnail.gif?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3950","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3950"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3950\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3950"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3950"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.francispisani.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3950"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}